A Scalable Internet of Thing Software Simulation Framework for Laboratory Studies Without Hardware Dependency

As the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes a vital element of modern technical computer-based course education; electronic, computer science and information technology (IT), there is an urgent need for effective pedagogical tools that bridge the gap between theory and practice without the constraints of physical hardware. Therefore, an IoT software simulation framework for laboratory studies is developed to assess student engagement, motivation, and skill development during lab study. This study investigates student interaction with an IoT simulator designed to enhance experiential learning without hardware dependency. The function of the hardware will be reflected in the IoT simulator. By utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study evaluated 30 undergraduate University students in Malaysia through think-aloud protocols and post-activity surveys. We are engaging with several IoT hands on activities such as Arduino Uno programming, configuring peripheral and visualizing data flows, while verbalizing their thought processes. In addition, we also conducted and examined the surveying the responses. From these experiments, the findings indicate that while the simulator significantly clarifies complex IoT concepts and fosters high levels of student interest, specific interface improvements are necessary to resolve minor usability bottlenecks. Ultimately, this framework demonstrates the viability of virtualized environments in reducing cognitive load and enhancing experiential learning in resource-constrained educational settings. Nonetheless, usability challenges were noted, particularly in navigation and system feedback clarity. © 2026 Wiley-VCH GmbH.