Ternary Reinforced Cementitious Composites Containing Carbon Nanotubes: A Review

Extensive research has been conducted on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for their utilization in cementitious materials, owing to their exceptional characteristics. However, there is a limited number of reviews that specifically address ternary or quaternary cementitious composites that incorporate CNTs. This study provides a comprehensive review of the existing literature on ternary and quaternary cementitious composites incorporating CNTs. It offers a detailed overview of CNTs' applications in cementitious materials, including dispersion, mechanical properties, and durability. Additionally, it explores synergistic materials, such as metakaolin, silica fume, graphene oxide, steel fibre, and waste materials, used with CNTs in cement composites. This analysis of reported findings on the use of CNTs in building materials revealed that combining CNTs with other materials as additives significantly improves the mechanical properties and durability of cementitious materials. Moreover, this approach reduces the overall reliance on cement. Considering the challenges posed by global warming and climate change, the insights from this review can guide further investigations on the effective utilisation of CNTs in construction materials. © 2025, Semarak Ilmu Publishing. All rights reserved.