Review in green synthesis mechanisms, application, and future prospects for Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen)-derived nanoparticles

The growing global demand for sustainable and cost-effective methods of nanomaterial production has driven the development of green synthesis techniques, offering a safer alternative to traditional, hazardous approaches. Among the numerous plants utilized for this purpose, Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) stands out due to its high content of bioactive phytochemicals, such as α-mangostin, xanthones, and other secondary metabolites. These compounds serve as natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as silver, gold, and zinc oxide. In contrast to traditional approaches reliant on toxic chemicals and harsh circumstances, mangosteen extracts facilitate the production of NPs in moderate and sustainable conditions, offering a viable strategy for sustainable nanotechnology. This review article offers a thorough examination of the green synthesis processes utilizing extracts from mangosteen, going over the physicochemical characteristics of the resultant NPs and their numerous uses, such as antimicrobial and anticancer properties, antioxidant therapy, and environmental remediation. It is highlighted that NPs synthesized from mangosteen have the potential to solve environmental and health issues. However, to enable wider industrial and commercial applications, important issues including scalability, repeatability of NP properties, and long-term stability need to be addressed. In addition to providing insights into the creation of sustainable NPs, this study critically evaluates existing research and lays the groundwork for future developments in green nanotechnology. © 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter.