Green-synthesized chromium oxide nanoparticles using pomegranate husk extract: Multifunctional bioactivity in antioxidant potential, lipase and amylase inhibition, and cytotoxicity

Malnutrition is a growing global health concern that contributes to obesity. This study presents the green synthesis of chromium oxide nanoparticles (Cr2O3 NPs) using pomegranate husk aqueous extract as both reducing and capping agents via a microwave-assisted method. The synthesized MA-Cr2O3 NPs were characterized using UV-Vis, FTIR, field emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), HR-transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction methods. TEM analysis revealed an average particle size of 11.69 nm, and EDX confirmed nanoparticle (NP) purity. Antioxidant activity was assessed through 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ABTS assays, showing strong free radical scavenging abilities of 80.4% and 65.8% at 1 and 5 mg·mL−1, respectively. The NPs also contained notable levels of phenolics (10.14 mg GAE·g−1) and flavonoids (33.28 mg QE·g−1). In enzyme inhibition assays, NPs exhibited potent activity against pancreatic lipase (91.7%) and α-amylase (90.5%), with EC50 values of 0.16 ± 0.002 mg·mL−1 and 0.15 ± 0.003 mg·mL−1 at 0.25 mg·mL−1. Cytotoxicity testing on Vero cells showed 55.5% viability at 0.25 mg·mL−1, indicating acceptable biocompatibility. These results highlight the potential of MA-Cr2O3 NPs for antioxidant and anti-obesity applications, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for managing health issues related to malnutrition. © 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter.