J Y ChongH M PoonC Tan0000-0001-6467-0239Bernard Saw L H2024-11-072024-11-072019-06-01https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/268/1/012115https://dspace-cris.utar.edu.my/handle/123456789/6495In this study, three-dimensional simulations are performed to determine the effects of split-main injection ratios on the soot formation process in a single-cylinder, light-duty, direct-injection diesel engine. Here, a multi-component diesel surrogate model is used to represent the actual diesel fuel and the effects of variations in fuel injection ratios, such as single-injection scheme, split-main injection scheme with ratios of 75-25, and 60-40, on the diesel combustion and soot formation predictions are investigated. It is found out that the use of split-main injection ratio of 60-40 is able to achieve the lowest soot emissions as compared to the others owing to its higher soot oxidation rate.journal-article