Kwong-Long Wong0000-0002-9726-0866Chun Hui, TanTanChun Hui0000-0001-5301-1115Eng-Hock LimLor Huai ChongPei Song, CHEECHEEPei Song2025-10-062025-10-062025-07-0110.1109/JSEN.2025.3568296https://dspace-cris.utar.edu.my/handle/123456789/11444This study reported a sock-based triboelectric gait sensor designed for gait monitoring. The sensor integrates laser-induced graphene (LIG) on Kevlar textile, encapsulated in Ecoflex, which functions as the negative triboelectric layer during interaction with floor surfaces. The LIG-based triboelectric sensor achieves a stable voltage output of +/- 12 V and a short-circuit current of +/- 1.5 mu A at a contact frequency of 1.0 Hz and a separation distance of 25 mm. A random forest classifier was employed to distinguish between walking, running, and jumping based on voltage amplitude and frequency features, achieving an accuracy of 95.39%. To enhance user accessibility, a graphical user interface (GUI) was developed for intuitive visualization of classification results. This flexible self-powered sock-based sensor offers a comfortable and efficient alternative to traditional insole-based systems, advancing wearable technology for precise gait analysis.enSensorsTriboelectricityTextilesIntelligent sensorsGrapheneMonitoringArtificial intelligenceFabricationAccuracyWearable sensorsEcoflexKevlarlaser-induced graphene (LIG)single-electrode modesock-based gait sensortriboelectric sensorwearable electronicsjournal-article