Honghu Zeng0000-0001-5118-8144Sze Mun LamKuan-Chee Low0000-0002-1177-5894Jin-Chung SinHaixiang LiHua LinLiangliang HuangHaitao HuangLiwei XuJun-Wei LimZeeshan Haider Jaffari2025-09-112025-09-112025-0610.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.148https://dspace-cris.utar.edu.my/handle/123456789/11317A device capable of producing electricity from wastewater treatment process is highly desirable as it addresses critical challenges in sustainable energy generation and environmental conservation. In this work, a highly efficient three-dimensional (3D) porous network structured In2O3/ZnO/FTO photoanode and a flower-like Cu2O/ CuO/Cu cathode were successfully fabricated and integrated into a visible light-driven photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) system. Material characterization revealed that In2O3 was well-dispersed on the 3D porous ZnO network, proving ample active sites for photoelectrocatalysis. The PFC utilizing mariculture effluent containing chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTCH) as a fuel source, achieved an open-circuit voltage of 559 mV and a maximum power density of 0.3084 mu W cm-2 under visible light irradiation. Furthermore, the system demonstrated a CTCH removal efficiency of 91.5 %, outperforming ZnO/FTO and In2O3/FTO electrodes in terms of degradation efficacy and energy conversion. Additionally, the cell demonstrated outstanding recyclability and remarkable antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, underscoring its superior functionality. The boosted photoelectrocatalytic activity was credited to the formation of the In2O3/ZnO/FTO heterojunction within the porous network-structure, which provided a high specific surface area and favorable optical and electronic traits and thereby, improving the overall efficiency of the dual photoelectrode system. This PFC device facilitates simultaneous electricity generation, pollutant degradation and bacterial sterilization, offering promising multifunction applications.en-USPhotocatalytic fuel cellDual photoelectrodeMariculture effluentAntibacterialEnergy recoveryWASTE-WATERDEGRADATIONHETEROJUNCTIONjournal-article