Yew Hang Soo0000-0002-1945-9052Chai Yan Ng0000-0002-9019-4026Hieng Kiat Jun0000-0002-3987-4253Ng Soo Ai0000-0003-2551-7623Foo Wah Low0000-0003-2904-0172Rubina Bahar, CEng(MIMechE)CEng(MIMechE)Rubina Bahar2026-10-212026-10-21202510.1063/5.0290058https://dspace-cris.utar.edu.my/handle/123456789/11814Carbon electrodes (CE) have recently gained significant attention in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their advantages over metal electrodes. They are low-cost, chemically inert towards perovskite layers, and can be deposited onto perovskite devices using low-technology deposition methods. This work investigated the feasibility of using hot isostatic pressing (HIP) to deposit CE on methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite film for the fabrication of hole-transporting material-free PSCs. In the HIP method, a carbon film was positioned on the MAPbI3 film before being vacuum-sealed in a thermoplastic bag. The sealed sample was then uniformly pressed by the hydraulic oil in the HIP chamber at 6 MPa. Subsequently, the pressurized chamber was heated on a hotplate at 100 °C for 10 min to promote lamination and bonding of the carbon and MAPbI3 films, completing the fabrication of PSCs with the FTO|SnO2|MAPbI3|CE configuration. It was discovered that post-annealing of the laminated samples on a hotplate (100 °C, 0–60 min) could improve the conductivity of the CE and promote MAPbI3 grain growth, further enhancing the performance of the PSCs. The thickness of carbon film can also affect the performance of PSCs. By using a thicker carbon film (160 ?m) and a post-annealing duration of 50 min, a maximum power conversion efficiency of 9.22 % was achieved for the PSCs. In conclusion, HIP was proven to be a viable method for CE deposition in the fabrication of PSCs. © 2025 Author(s)en-USCarbon electrodeHot isostatic pressingHTM-free perovskite solar cellPost-annealingtext::conference output::conference proceedings::conference paper